本文针对水下航行器声学特征的空间分布问题，探究了海洋环境对远场声传播损失的影响。选取海面海况、声速剖面、海底底质及海底地形为典型海洋环境，设计了10个仿真工况并利用耦合简正波-抛物方法探究了水下航行器声学特征的远场传播规律。不同工况下的仿真结果表明，浅海负梯度下，海面海况等级提高会增大声传播损失；深海夏冬季声速剖面对传播损失影响的差异性随频率增大而更加显著；质密的海底底质通过提高反射系数使噪声传播更远，不利水下航行体隐蔽；海底障碍物会使其后方出现声能低值区，提高水下航行器声学性能。
Aiming at the spatial distribution of far-field acoustic characteristics of underwater vehicles, the influence of marine environment on far-field acoustic characteristics is explored. The sea surface condition, sound speed profile, seabed sediment and seabed topography are selected as typical marine environment. Ten simulation conditions are designed and the far-field transmission characteristics of underwater vehicle radiated noise is explored by using the coupled normal mode-parabolic method.The simulation results under different working conditions show that under the negative gradient sound profile of shallow sea, the increase of sea surface conditions will increase the acoustic transmission loss. The difference of the influence of sound profile on transmission loss in deep sea in summer and winter is more significant with the increase of frequency. The dense seabed sediment makes the noise propagate farther by increasing the reflection coefficient, which is not conducive to the concealment of underwater vehicles. Submarine obstacles will cause low-value areas of acoustic energy to appear behind them, which will improve the stealth performance of underwater vehicles.
2026,48(4): 135-140 收稿日期：2025-7-2
DOI：10.3404/j.issn.1672-7649.2026.04.021
分类号：U661.44
作者简介：孔梓丞(2005-),男,研究方向为水声通信、通信网络优化
参考文献：
[1] DECOURCY B J, DUDA T F. A coupled mode model for omnidirectional three-dimensional underwater sound propagation[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2020, 148(1): 51-62.
[2] VIEGAS R, POZZATTI D, ZABEL F, et al. Integrated approach for modeling acoustic propagation and projectors/hydrophones electronics[C]//OCEANS 2022, Hampton Roads. 2022.
[3] BONNEL J, DOSSO S E, HODGKISS W S, et al. Trans-dimensional inversion for seafloor properties for three mud depocenters on the New England shelf under dynamical oceanographic conditions[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2024, 155(3): 1825-1839.
[4] GARCIA D D, BALLARD M S, LEE K M, et al. In situ compressional wave speed measurements from the New England Mud Patch using the acoustic coring system[C]//Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics: Vol. 51. AIP Publishing, 2023.
[5] SPADONI G, DUARTE R, SOARES C, et al. Seismic survey risk assessment on common dolphins in the south-western coast of portugal[C]//The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life. Springer, Cham, 2024.
[6] JESUS S M, SOARES C, ROMAGOSA M, et al. A methodology for shipping noise field calibration and excess noise estimation: the azores case study[J]. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 2022, 10(11): 1763.
[7] ŠIROVIĆ A, EVANS K, GARCÍA-SOTO C, et al. Trends in inputs of anthropogenic noise to the marine environment[J]. Sede Central IEO, 2020.
[8] SEDUNOV A, SALLOUM H, SEDUNOV N, et al. Stevens Passive Acoustic Detection System (SPADES-2) and its prospective application for windfarm underwater noise assessment[C]//Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Publishing, 2022.
[9] 陈涛. 充分利用海洋环境提升声呐装备性能的研究[J]. 数字海洋与水下攻防, 2024, 7(2): 156-163.
CHEN T. Research on enhancing sonar equipment performance by leveraging marine environments[J]. Digital Ocean and Underwater Warfare, 2024, 7(2): 156-163.
[10] 于跃, 王义涛, 张埂铭. 深海地形对声呐探测影响研究[J]. 舰船电子工程, 2023, 43(11): 174-178+183.
YU Y, WANG Y T, ZHANG G M. Research on the influence of deep-sea topography on sonar detection[J]. Ship Electronic Engineering, 2023, 43(11): 174-178+183.
[11] BANSAL I, BHAT N, GUPTA A, et al. SenSync: real-time and accurate passive sensing[C]//2025 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID). 2025: 1-6.
[12] BOZZI F de A, JESUS S M. Vector sensor beam steering for underwater acoustic communications[C]//Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, AIP Publishing, 2020.
[13] KEIZER T, GAUDEL R, GOEDBLOED I. Accuracy of numerically predicted underwater sound of a ship-like structure[C]//Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics: Vol. 47. AIP Publishing, 2022.
[14] JIANG Y, KATSNELSON B, GODIN O A. Observations of noise due to nonlinear internal waves in the ASIAEX experiment in the south china sea[C]//Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, AIP Publishing, 2022.
[15] 朴胜春, 詹建康. 深海超低频WKB反转简正波模型[J]. 声学学报, 2024, 49(4): 784-802.
PIAO S C, ZHAN J K. A WKB-based inverse normal mode model for ultra-low-frequency sound in deep ocean[J]. Acta Acustica, 2024, 49(4): 784-802.
[16] 张世崧, 孙晓芳, 秦炎. 浅海负梯度环境下内波对声传播的影响研究[J]. 舰船科学技术, 2024, 46(20): 137-141.
ZHANG S S, SUN X F, QIN Y. Impact of internal waves on sound propagation in shallow sea with negative sound-speed gradient[J]. Ship Science and Technology, 2024, 46(20): 137-141.
[17] 李润, 杨春梅, 宋鹏, 等. 基于声传播损失的南海海域地声参数敏感性分析[J]. 海洋科学进展, 2024, 42(3): 590-601.
LI R, YANG C M, SONG P, et al. Sensitivity analysis of geoacoustic parameters in the South China Sea based on sound transmission loss[J]. Advances in Marine Science, 2024, 42(3): 590-601.
