为提升混合动力船舶的能源利用效率，亟须制定合理的能量管理策略，实现功率的优化分配与燃料消耗的有效降低。本文针对这一关键技术问题，基于Matlab/Simulink平台构建了船舶混合动力系统仿真模型，研究在3种不同初始SOC（电池荷电状态）条件下燃料电池、锂电池和超级电容的功率响应特性与控制要求。在综合考虑系统功率需求特性、功率波动特征及能源消耗水平的基础上，本文提出一种基于频率分解与等效燃料消耗最小化策略（频率-ECMS）相结合的能量管理方法，实现混合动力系统的功率协同优化分配。仿真结果表明，与传统ECMS策略相比，所提出方法能够显著抑制燃料电池的动态负载冲击，使其峰值功率降低约50%，燃料电池和锂电池的功率波动幅度减少20%～40%，有效提升了系统的动态响应性能。同时，在初始SOC分别为30%、60%和90%的3种运行工况下，该策略实现了总氢耗分别降低9.2%、9.3%和8.5%的节能效果，展现出优良的经济性与适应性。
To enhance the energy utilization efficiency of hybrid-powered ships, it is crucial to develop an effective energy management strategy that enables optimal power allocation and reduces fuel consumption. This paper establishes a simulation model of a hybrid marine power system using the Matlab/Simulink platform, and investigates the control requirements of fuel cells, lithium batteries, and supercapacitors under three different initial states of charge (SOC). Taking into account the system’s power demand, power fluctuation, and energy consumption levels, a novel energy management method combining frequency decomposition with the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), referred to as the Frequency-ECMS approach, is proposed for optimizing power distribution in the hybrid marine power system. Simulation results demonstrate that compared to the conventional ECMS strategy, the proposed method can reduce the peak power output of the fuel cell by approximately 50%, and decrease the power fluctuations of both the fuel cell and lithium battery by 20–40%, significantly enhancing the system’s dynamic response. Furthermore, under operating conditions with initial SOC values of 30%, 60%, and 90%, this strategy achieves hydrogen consumption reductions of 9.2%, 9.3%, and 8.5%, respectively, indicating strong economic performance and adaptability.
2026,48(8): 74-82 收稿日期：2025-7-30
DOI：10.3404/j.issn.1672-7649.2026.08.012
分类号：U664.14
基金项目：国家自然科学基金面上项目（52276010）；浙江省自然科学基金联合基金资助项目（LBMHY24B060001）
作者简介：周柯格(2002-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为热能动力与新能源
参考文献：
[1] HOU J, SUN J, HOFMANN H. Integrated control of power generation, electric motor and hybrid energy storage for all-electric ships [C]//2016 American Control Conference (ACC), 2016: 6797-6802.
[2] 秦锋, 施伟锋, 张威. 能量管理策略在混合动力船舶上的应用[J]. 船电技术, 2017, 37(7): 32-36+40 QIN F, SHI W F, ZHANG W. Application of energy management strategy in hybrid electric ships[J]. Marine Electric Electronic Technology, 2017, 37(7): 32-36+40
[3] LIVINGSTONE K. First fuel cell passenger ship unveiled in Hamburg [J]. Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2008: 4-5.
[4] BASSAM A M, PHILLIPS A B, TURNOCK S R, et al. An improved energy management strategy fora hybrid fuel cell/battery passenger vessel[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(47): 22453-22464
[5] HAN J, CHARPENTIER J F, TANG T. An energy management system of a fuel cell/battery hybrid boat[J]. Energies, 2014, 7(5): 2799-2820
[6] 周诗尧, 陈自强, 黄德扬, 等. 轻度混合动力船舶储能系统研究[J]. 装备环境工程, 2018, 15(12): 55-59 ZHOU S Y, CHEN Z Q, HUANG D Y, et al. Research on energy storage system of mild hybrid electric ship[J]. Equipment Environmental Engineering, 2018, 15(12): 55-59
[7] TROVãO J P, MACHADO F, PEREIRINHA PGJIESI T. Hybrid electric excursion ships power supply system based on a multiple energy storage system [J]. 2016, 6(3): 190–201.
[8] 王珺. 多能源船舶微电网优化与能量管理策略的研究 [D]. 宁波: 宁波大学, 2021.
[9] WU P, BUCKNALL R. Hybrid fuel cell and battery propulsion system modelling and multi-objective optimisation for a coastal ferry[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45(4): 3193-3208
[10] 张益敏, 陈俐, 朱剑昀. 混合动力船舶动力装置及能量管理研究综述[J]. 舰船科学技术, 2018, 40(5): 1-7 ZHANG Y M, CHEN L, ZHU J Y. Overview of power plant and energy management of hybrid ship[J]. Ship Science and Technology, 2018, 40(5): 1-7
[11] 张宾, 郭连兑, 李宏义, 等. 电动汽车用磷酸铁锂离子电池的PNGV模型分析[J]. 电源技术, 2009, 33(5): 417-421 ZHANG B, GUO L D, Li H Y, et al. PNGV model analysis of LiFePO4 Li-ion battery for electric vehicle[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2009, 33(5): 417-421
[12] YIN J, WENCHUN Z, ZHIXIN L, et al. Modeling and simulation of lithium-ion battery considering the effect of charge-discharge state[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021, 1907(1): 45-52
[13] 吴书礼. 混合动力船舶能量管理控制策略研究 [D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2020.
[14] BARONE G, BUONOMANO A, PAPA D G, et al. Approaching zero emissions in ports: implementation of batteries and supercapacitors with smart energy management in hybrid ships[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2024, 31(4): 118446-118446
[15] 罗华伟, 郑云龙, 周亮, 等. 超级电容充放电系统的主电路设计与控制器参数整定[J]. 电力科学与技术学报, 2023, 38(5): 262-268 LUO H W, ZHENG Y L, ZHOU L, et al. Main circuit design and controller parameter tuning of supercapacitor charge-discharge system[J]. Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology, 2023, 38(5): 262-268
[16] GAO D, JIANG H, SHI W, et al. Adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy for hybrid electric ship [J]. 2022, 10(3): 840-852.
[17] 乔天佑, 王铁, 陈东东, 等. 基于ECMS混合动力汽车能量管理的策略研究 [J/OL]. 机械设计与制造, 2024, 18(6): 1-7. QIAO T Y, WANG T, CHEN D D, et al. Research on energy management strategy of hybrid electric vehicle based on ECMS. Machinery Design & Manufacture, 2024, 18(6): 1-7.
[18] 李帅, 刘胜永, 唐安琼. 基于动态规划的自适应ECMS混联式HEV能量管理策略研究 [J/OL]. 广西科技大学学报, 2024, 25(5): 1-11. LI S, LIU S Y, TANG A Q5. Research on energy management strategy of adaptive ECMS series-parallel HEV based on dynamic programming. Journal of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, 2024,25(5):1-11.
[19] 温小飞, 李江凡, 周枫, 等. 燃料电池船舶复合供能系统控制策略设计与仿真[J]. 造船技术, 2024, 52(2): 1-7+56 WEN X F, LI J F, ZHOU F, et al. Design and simulation of control strategy for composite energy supply system of fuel cell ship[J]. Marine Technology, 2024, 52(2): 1-7+56
[20] 杨明泽, 李奇, 蔡良东, 等. 考虑电堆性能一致性的燃料电池混合动力系统多目标优化能量管理方法[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(1): 385-395 YANG M Z, LI Q, CAI L D, et al. Multi-objective optimization energy management method for fuel cell hybrid power system considering stack performance consistency[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(1): 385-395
[21] 史海林, 张军, 黄栋, 等. 高功率密度DC/DC电源模块结构设计与封装[J]. 电子工艺技术, 2024, 45(3): 10-12+20 SHI H L, ZHANG J, HUANG D, et al. Structural design and packaging of high power density DC/DC power module[J]. Electronics Process Technology, 2024, 45(3): 10-12+20
[22] XIAOLIANG H, HIRAMATSU T, YOICHI H. Energy management Strategy based on frequency-varying filter for the battery supercapacitor hybrid system of Electric Vehicles [C]//2013 World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS27). IEEE, 2013, 16(8): 1–6.
[23] LIU G, ZHANG J, SUN Y. High frequency decoupling strategy for the PEM fuel cell hybrid system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2008, 33(21): 6253-6261
[24] BARRADE P, RUFER A. Current capability and power density of supercapacitors: considerations on energy efficiency [C]//European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE). 2003, 35(17)3: 2-4.
[25] 潘公宇, 郭丛揺, 晋恩荣. 基于粒子群优化的模糊自适应等效油耗最小能量管理策略[J]. 重庆理工大学学报(自然科学), 2023, 37(9): 88-99 PAN G Y, GUO C Y, JIN E R. A fuzzy adaptive minimum energy management strategy for equivalent fuel consumption based on particle swarm optimization[J]. Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science), 2023, 37(9): 88-99
[26] 赵凡非, 李煜辉, 周梦妮, 等. 船舶多堆燃料电池混合动力系统能量管理策略优化[J]. 舰船科学技术, 2024, 46(14): 134-140 ZHAO F F, LI Y H, ZHOU M N,et al. Optimization of energy management strategy for marine multi-stack fuel cell hybrid power system[J]. Ship Science and Technology, 2024, 46(14): 134-140
[27] 孙嘉忆. 世界首艘搭载混合动力系统的LNG拖船在新加坡投入运行[J]. 热能动力工程, 2024, 39(6): 106-109 SUN J Y. World's first LNG tugboat with hybrid system goes into operation in Singapore[J]. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2024, 39(6): 106-109
[28] 高骥. 功率分流式混合动力系统的多目标优化控制[J]. 柴油机, 2024, 46(3): 24-32 GAO J. Multi-objective optimization control of power-split hybrid system[J]. Diesel Engine, 2024, 46(3): 24-32
[29] WANG T, QIU Y, YIN L, et al. Efficiency extreme point tracking strategy based on FFRLS online identification for PEMFC system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2019, 34(2): 952-963
