锂离子电池凭借高能量密度和长循环寿命等优势，在潜航器和深海装备中得到广泛应用，成为主流动力选择。然而，深海与极地等复杂环境对其运行安全性和可靠性提出了严峻挑战。本文梳理了锂离子电池在国内外水下系统中的典型应用，综述了风冷、液冷和相变材料冷却等主要散热方案，并分析了低温环境对电池容量衰减、内阻增加、寿命退化及安全风险的影响。同时，本文阐述了外部加热与内部加热等低温预热方法在实际装备中的应用情况。高效的散热冷却系统与合理的低温预热策略是保障锂离子电池在深海任务中稳定、安全运行的关键。
Lithium-ion batteries, noted for high energy density and long cycle life, are widely used as power sources in submersibles and deep-sea equipment. However, extreme deep-sea and polar environments pose serious challenges to their safety and reliability. This paper reviews representative underwater applications of lithium-ion batteries and summarizes key thermal management approaches, including air, liquid, and phase-change cooling. The impacts of low temperature on capacity loss, resistance increase, lifespan degradation, and safety are discussed, along with external and internal preheating techniques. Efficient cooling combined with proper preheating is vital for ensuring stable and reliable battery operation in deep-sea missions.
2026,48(6): 9-17 收稿日期：2025-9-8
DOI：10.3404/j.issn.1672-7649.2026.06.002
分类号：U663
作者简介：罗展明(2002-),男,硕士,助理工程师,研究方向为潜航器锂离子电池热管理
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